Table 1_Using multimodal imaging to improve the diagnostic accuracy and confidence in distinguishing non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy from optic disc drusen.docx

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IntroductionOptic nerve head elevation (ONHE) is a common diagnostic challenge in the general eye clinic. When caused by optic disc edema (ODE), ONHE may signal a neuro-ophthalmic emergency requiring urgent and invasive evaluation, whereas pseudoedema typically does not. This study evaluated whether multimodal oph¬thalmic imaging improves diagnostic accuracy and confidence in distinguishing nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), used as a model of true ODE, from optic disc drus

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IntroductionOptic nerve head elevation (ONHE) is a common diagnostic challenge in the general eye clinic. When caused by optic disc edema (ODE), ONHE may signal a neuro-ophthalmic emergency requiring urgent and invasive evaluation, whereas pseudoedema typically does not. This study evaluated whether multimodal oph¬thalmic imaging improves diagnostic accuracy and confidence in distinguishing nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), used as a model of true ODE, from optic disc drus